The role of ν\nu-induced reactions on lead and iron in neutrino detectors

We have calculated cross sections and branching ratios for neutrino induced reactions on ^{208}Pb and ^{56}Fe for various supernova and accelerator-relevant neutrino spectra. This was motivated by the facts that lead and iron will be used on one hand as target materials in future neutrino detectors, on the other hand have been and are still used as shielding materials in accelerator-based experiments. In particular we study the inclusive ^{56}$Fe(\nu_e,e^-)$^{56}Co and ^{208}$Pb(\nu_e,e^-)$^{208}Bi cross sections and calculate the neutron energy spectra following the decay of the daughter nuclei. These reactions give a potential background signal in the KARMEN and LSND experiment and are discussed as a detection scheme for supernova neutrinos in the proposed OMNIS and LAND detectors. We also study the neutron-emission following the neutrino-induced neutral-current excitation of ^{56}Fe and ^{208}Pb.Comment: 23 pages (including 7 figures

Muon capture on nuclei with N > Z, random phase approximation, and in-medium renormalization of the axial-vector coupling constant

We use the random phase approximation to describe the muon capture rate on ${}^{44}$Ca,${}^{48}$Ca, ${}^{56}$Fe, ${}^{90}$Zr, and ${}^{208}$Pb. With ${}^{40}$Ca as a test case, we show that the Continuum Random Phase Approximation (CRPA) and the standard RPA give essentially equivalent descriptions of the muon capture process. Using the standard RPA with the free nucleon weak form factors we reproduce the experimental total capture rates on these nuclei quite well. Confirming our previous CRPA result for the $N = Z$ nuclei, we find that the calculated rates would be significantly lower than the data if the in-medium quenching of the axial-vector coupling constant were employed.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.

Signal for supernova νμ\nu_\mu and ντ\nu_\tau neutrinos in water \v{C}erenkov detectors

We suggest that photons with energies between 5 and 10 MeV, generated by the ($\nu,\nu'p\gamma$) and ($\nu,\nu'n\gamma$) reactions on $^{16}$O, constitute a signal which allows a unique identification of supernova $\nu_\mu$ and $\nu_\tau$ neutrinos in water \v{C}erenkov detectors. We calculate the yield of such $\gamma$ events and estimate that a few hundred of them would be detected in Superkamiokande for a supernova at 10 kpc distance.Comment: 8 pages, RevTex 3.0, figures and text available at http://www.krl.caltech.edu/preprints/MAP.htm

Neutrino induced transitions between the ground states of the A=12 triad

Neutrino induced reactions on $^{12}$C, an ingredient of liquid scintillators, have been studied in several experiments. We show that for currently available neutrino energies, $E_{\nu} \le$ 300 MeV, calculated exclusive cross sections $^{12}$C$_{gs}(\nu,l)$$^{12}$N$_{gs}$ for both muon and electron neutrinos are essentially model independent, provided the calculations simultaneously describe the rates of several other reactions involving the same states or their isobar analogs. The calculations agree well with the measured cross sections, which can be therefore used to check the normalization of the incident neutrino spectrum and the efficiency of the detector.Comment: 9 pages REVTEX, 2 postscript figures, text and figures available at http://www.krl.caltech.edu/preprints/MAP.htm

"Be active!" Revisiting the South African Food Based Dietary Guidelines for activity

The objective of this paper was to review current evidence on physical activity for health in order to support the foodbased dietary guideline (FBDG) “Be active!”. Physical activity, defined as at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per day for adults, and 60 minutes for children and adolescents, is advised in the FBDG because of the role it plays in maintaining energy balance, improving body composition and promoting general health and wellbeing. The reviewed outcome measures are changes in physical activity patterns and the reported prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in South Africa. Despite the previous set of FBDGs, no improvements in physical activity, obesity or NCDs have been reported in South Africa. Recent literature emphasises the beneficial effects of physical activity on the reduction of risk factors associated with the prevalence of NCDs. Physical activity has a positive effect on appetite and weight control, insulin sensitivity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, stress relief and burnout. Barriers that prevent children and adults from participating in regular physical activity have been identified, and recommendations how to overcome these have been made. It has been concluded that South Africans are not sufficiently physically active for their general health status to be improved. It is recommended that methods to promote physical activity at national, provincial, district and local level need to be developed, implemented and sustained

DEFINITION OF A TRANSITION SURFACE WITH THE PURPOSE OF INTEGRATION BETWEEN A LASER SCANNER 3D MODEL AND A LOW RESOLUTION DTM

ABSTRACT: Thanks to quickly spreading technologies like laser scanning, which are becoming a quite common means of data acquisition for architectural objects or cultural heritage sites (but not only!), integration between datasets of different origin and resolution is still an open problem. This paper describes an approach whose goal is to define a surface which models a proper transition between a high resolution, laser-scanner-acquired model and a low resolution digital terrain model (DTM), by means of some "extra" information around the high resolution object as sort of "collar". This information is generally present in laser scanner models and instead of pruning it during point cloud editing, we use it for our modelling purposes. We present a (so far) deterministic approach, some initial results and discuss still unresolved issues and future improvements. KURZFASSUNG: Dank der schnellen Verbreitung von Technologien wie z.B. Laser-Scannen, die zur Vermessung architektonischer Objekte oder Kulturgüter immer häufiger Anwendung finden, bleibt die Integration von Datensätzen unterschiedlichen Ursprungs und verschiedener Auflösung ein noch ungelöstes Problem. In diesem Artikel wird ein Ansatz beschrieben, dessen Ziel die Definition einer Übergangsfläche zwischen einem hoch aufgelösten, durch Laser-Scanner aufgenommenen Model und einem gröberen digitalen Geländemodell (DGM) ist, indem einige zusätzliche Informationen um das hoch aufgelöste Objekt so wie ein "Kragen" verwendet werden. Diese weiteren Daten sind im Allgemeinen in den Laser-Scanner-Datensätzen bereits vorhanden und werden hiermit zum Zweck der Oberflächenmodellierung genutzt, statt -wie sonst üblich -in der Editierungsphase eliminiert zu werden. Ein deterministischer Ansatz wird, zusammen mit den ersten Test-Ergebnissen, vorgestellt. Offene Probleme und künftige Aufbesserungen werden angesprochen

INTEGRATION OF SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS AND 3D MESH MODELS FOR ACCURACY IMPROVEMENTS OF SOLAR POTENTIAL ANALYSES

High-resolution 3D mesh models are an inexpensive and increasingly available data source for 3D models of cities and landscapes of high visual quality and rich geometric detail. However, because of their simple data structure, their analytic capabilites are limited. Semantic 3D city model contain rich thematic information and are well suited for analytics due to their deeply structured semantic data model. In this work an approach for the integration of semantic 3D city models with 3D mesh models is presented. The method is based on geometric distance measures between mesh triangles and semantic surfaces and a region growing approach using plane fitting. The resulting semantic segmentation of mesh triangles is stored in a CityGML data set, to enrich the semantic model with an additional detailed geometric representation of its surfaces and a broad range of unrepresented features like technical building installations, balconies, dormers, chimneys, and vegetation. The potential of the approach is demonstrated on the example of a solar potential analysis, which estimation quality is significantly improved due to the mesh integration. The impact of the method is quantified on a case study using open data from the city of Helsinki

Observing Nucleon Decay in Lead Perchlorate

Lead perchlorate, part of the OMNIS supernova neutrino detector, contains two nuclei, 208Pb and 35Cl, that might be used to study nucleon decay. Both would produce signatures that will make them especially useful for studying less-well-studied neutron decay modes, e.g., those in which only neutrinos are emitted.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Empirical Regularities in the Market for Real Estate Research Output

This study examines whether any regularity exists in the publication pattern among real estate researchers. Identifying an empirical regularity in research output is useful since it helps assess both the likelihood of multiple publications and the degree of author concentration among different journals. The empirical results reveal that a strong bibliometric regularity exists in the real estate literature: the number of authors publishing n papers is approximately 1/n^c of those publishing one paper. It is shown that the real estate literature conforms very well to the model with c=2.446 if data are taken from a large collection of journals. When applied to individual journals, the result shows that values of c range from 2.321 to 3.835.

Microscopic theories of neutrino-^{12}C reactions

In view of the recent experiments on neutrino oscillations performed by the LSND and KARMEN collaborations as well as of future experiments, we present new theoretical results of the flux averaged $^{12}C(\nu_e,e^-)^{12}N$ and $^{12}C(\nu_{\mu},{\mu}^-)^{12}N$ cross sections. The approaches used are charge-exchange RPA, charge-exchange RPA among quasi-particles (QRPA) and the Shell Model. With a large-scale shell model calculation the exclusive cross sections are in nice agreement with the experimental values for both reactions. The inclusive cross section for $\nu_{\mu}$ coming from the decay-in-flight of $\pi^+$ is $15.2 \times 10^{-40} cm^2$ to be compared to the experimental value of $12.4 \pm 0.3 \pm 1.8 \times 10^{-40} cm^2$, while the one due to $\nu_{e}$ coming from the decay-at-rest of $\mu^+$ is $16.4 \times 10^{-42} cm^2$ which agrees within experimental error bars with the measured values. The shell model prediction for the decay-in-flight neutrino cross section is reduced compared to the RPA one. This is mainly due to the different kind of correlations taken into account in the calculation of the spin modes and partially due to the shell-model configuration basis which is not large enough, as we show using arguments based on sum-rules.Comment: 17 pages, latex, 5 figure